Crate memchr

This library provides heavily optimized routines for string search primitives.

Overview

This section gives a brief high level overview of what this crate offers.

• The top-level module provides routines for searching for 1, 2 or 3 bytes in the forward or reverse direction. When searching for more than one byte, positions are considered a match if the byte at that position matches any of the bytes.
• The memmem sub-module provides forward and reverse substring search routines.

In all such cases, routines operate on &[u8] without regard to encoding. This is exactly what you want when searching either UTF-8 or arbitrary bytes.

Example: using memchr

This example shows how to use memchr to find the first occurrence of z in a haystack:

use memchr::memchr;

let haystack = b"foo bar baz quuz";
assert_eq!(Some(10), memchr(b'z', haystack));

Example: matching one of three possible bytes

This examples shows how to use memrchr3 to find occurrences of a, b or c, starting at the end of the haystack.

use memchr::memchr3_iter;

let haystack = b"xyzaxyzbxyzc";

let mut it = memchr3_iter(b'a', b'b', b'c', haystack).rev();
assert_eq!(Some(11), it.next());
assert_eq!(Some(7), it.next());
assert_eq!(Some(3), it.next());
assert_eq!(None, it.next());

Example: iterating over substring matches

This example shows how to use the memmem sub-module to find occurrences of a substring in a haystack.

use memchr::memmem;

let haystack = b"foo bar foo baz foo";

let mut it = memmem::find_iter(haystack, "foo");
assert_eq!(Some(0), it.next());
assert_eq!(Some(8), it.next());
assert_eq!(Some(16), it.next());
assert_eq!(None, it.next());

Example: repeating a search for the same needle

It may be possible for the overhead of constructing a substring searcher to be measurable in some workloads. In cases where the same needle is used to search many haystacks, it is possible to do construction once and thus to avoid it for subsequent searches. This can be done with a memmem::Finder:

use memchr::memmem;

let finder = memmem::Finder::new("foo");

assert_eq!(Some(4), finder.find(b"baz foo quux"));
assert_eq!(None, finder.find(b"quux baz bar"));

Why use this crate?

At first glance, the APIs provided by this crate might seem weird. Why provide a dedicated routine like memchr for something that could be implemented clearly and trivially in one line:

fn memchr(needle: u8, haystack: &[u8]) -> Option<usize> {
    haystack.iter().position(|&b| b == needle)
}

Or similarly, why does this crate provide substring search routines when Rust’s core library already provides them?

fn search(haystack: &str, needle: &str) -> Option<usize> {
    haystack.find(needle)
}

The primary reason for both of them to exist is performance. When it comes to performance, at a high level at least, there are two primary ways to look at it:

• Throughput: For this, think about it as, “given some very large haystack and a byte that never occurs in that haystack, how long does it take to search through it and determine that it, in fact, does not occur?”
• Latency: For this, think about it as, “given a tiny haystack—just a few bytes—how long does it take to determine if a byte is in it?”

The memchr routine in this crate has slightly worse latency than the solution presented above, however, its throughput can easily be over an order of magnitude faster. This is a good general purpose trade off to make. You rarely lose, but often gain big.

NOTE: The name memchr comes from the corresponding routine in libc. A key advantage of using this library is that its performance is not tied to its quality of implementation in the libc you happen to be using, which can vary greatly from platform to platform.

But what about substring search? This one is a bit more complicated. The primary reason for its existence is still indeed performance, but it’s also useful because Rust’s core library doesn’t actually expose any substring search routine on arbitrary bytes. The only substring search routine that exists works exclusively on valid UTF-8.

So if you have valid UTF-8, is there a reason to use this over the standard library substring search routine? Yes. This routine is faster on almost every metric, including latency. The natural question then, is why isn’t this implementation in the standard library, even if only for searching on UTF-8? The reason is that the implementation details for using SIMD in the standard library haven’t quite been worked out yet.

NOTE: Currently, only x86_64, wasm32 and aarch64 targets have vector accelerated implementations of memchr (and friends) and memmem.

Crate features

• std - When enabled (the default), this will permit features specific to the standard library. Currently, the only thing used from the standard library is runtime SIMD CPU feature detection. This means that this feature must be enabled to get AVX2 accelerated routines on x86_64 targets without enabling the avx2 feature at compile time, for example. When std is not enabled, this crate will still attempt to use SSE2 accelerated routines on x86_64. It will also use AVX2 accelerated routines when the avx2 feature is enabled at compile time. In general, enable this feature if you can.
• alloc - When enabled (the default), APIs in this crate requiring some kind of allocation will become available. For example, the memmem::Finder::into_owned API and the arch::all::shiftor substring search implementation. Otherwise, this crate is designed from the ground up to be usable in core-only contexts, so the alloc feature doesn’t add much currently. Notably, disabling std but enabling alloc will not result in the use of AVX2 on x86_64 targets unless the avx2 feature is enabled at compile time. (With std enabled, AVX2 can be used even without the avx2 feature enabled at compile time by way of runtime CPU feature detection.)
• logging - When enabled (disabled by default), the log crate is used to emit log messages about what kinds of memchr and memmem algorithms are used. Namely, both memchr and memmem have a number of different implementation choices depending on the target and CPU, and the log messages can help show what specific implementations are being used. Generally, this is useful for debugging performance issues.
• libc - DEPRECATED. Previously, this enabled the use of the target’s memchr function from whatever libc was linked into the program. This feature is now a no-op because this crate’s implementation of memchr should now be sufficiently fast on a number of platforms that libc should no longer be needed. (This feature is somewhat of a holdover from this crate’s origins. Originally, this crate was literally just a safe wrapper function around the memchr function from libc.)

Modules

• arch
  A module with low-level architecture dependent routines.
• memmem
  This module provides forward and reverse substring search routines.

Structs

• Memchr
  An iterator over all occurrences of a single byte in a haystack.
• Memchr2
  An iterator over all occurrences of two possible bytes in a haystack.
• Memchr3
  An iterator over all occurrences of three possible bytes in a haystack.

Functions

• memchr
  Search for the first occurrence of a byte in a slice.
• memchr2
  Search for the first occurrence of two possible bytes in a haystack.
• memchr2_iter
  Returns an iterator over all occurrences of the needles in a haystack.
• memchr3
  Search for the first occurrence of three possible bytes in a haystack.
• memchr3_iter
  Returns an iterator over all occurrences of the needles in a haystack.
• memchr_iter
  Returns an iterator over all occurrences of the needle in a haystack.
• memrchr
  Search for the last occurrence of a byte in a slice.
• memrchr2
  Search for the last occurrence of two possible bytes in a haystack.
• memrchr2_iter
  Returns an iterator over all occurrences of the needles in a haystack, in reverse.
• memrchr3
  Search for the last occurrence of three possible bytes in a haystack.
• memrchr3_iter
  Returns an iterator over all occurrences of the needles in a haystack, in reverse.
• memrchr_iter
  Returns an iterator over all occurrences of the needle in a haystack, in reverse.