6247: Remove projectiles on team change r=def- a=Zwelf
## Checklist
- [x] Tested the change ingame
- [ ] Provided screenshots if it is a visual change
- [ ] Tested in combination with possibly related configuration options
- [ ] Written a unit test (especially base/) or added coverage to integration test
- [ ] Considered possible null pointers and out of bounds array indexing
- [ ] Changed no physics that affect existing maps
- [x] Tested the change with [ASan+UBSan or valgrind's memcheck](https://github.com/ddnet/ddnet/#using-addresssanitizer--undefinedbehavioursanitizer-or-valgrinds-memcheck) (optional)
Co-authored-by: Zwelf <zwelf@strct.cc>
6226: Remove projectiles on save and load r=def- a=Zwelf
Restructured CSaveTeam a bit, because I also needed access to CGameWorld. I don't store pointer to IGameController in CSaveTeam anymore, because we pass CSaveTeam to the database thread. If it would be accessed there, it could cause a race conditions.
## Checklist
- [x] Tested the change ingame
- [ ] Provided screenshots if it is a visual change
- [ ] Tested in combination with possibly related configuration options
- [ ] Written a unit test (especially base/) or added coverage to integration test
- [ ] Considered possible null pointers and out of bounds array indexing
- [ ] Changed no physics that affect existing maps
- [x] Tested the change with [ASan+UBSan or valgrind's memcheck](https://github.com/ddnet/ddnet/#using-addresssanitizer--undefinedbehavioursanitizer-or-valgrinds-memcheck) (optional)
6230: For integrated and discrete GPUs always prefer what comes first in the list r=def- a=Jupeyy
fixes#6200
## Checklist
- [ ] Tested the change ingame
- [ ] Provided screenshots if it is a visual change
- [ ] Tested in combination with possibly related configuration options
- [ ] Written a unit test (especially base/) or added coverage to integration test
- [ ] Considered possible null pointers and out of bounds array indexing
- [ ] Changed no physics that affect existing maps
- [ ] Tested the change with [ASan+UBSan or valgrind's memcheck](https://github.com/ddnet/ddnet/#using-addresssanitizer--undefinedbehavioursanitizer-or-valgrinds-memcheck) (optional)
Co-authored-by: Zwelf <zwelf@strct.cc>
Co-authored-by: Jupeyy <jupjopjap@gmail.com>
Restructured CSaveTeam a bit, because I also needed access to CGameWorld. I don't store pointer to IGameController in CSaveTeam anymore, because we pass CSaveTeam to the database thread. If it would be accessed there, it could cause a race conditions.
6156: Swap times should be per player, not per team (fixes#6155) r=Learath2 a=def-
<!-- What is the motivation for the changes of this pull request? -->
<!-- Note that builds and other checks will be run for your change. Don't feel intimidated by failures in some of the checks. If you can't resolve them yourself, experienced devs can also resolve them before merging your pull request. -->
## Checklist
- [x] Tested the change ingame
- [ ] Provided screenshots if it is a visual change
- [ ] Tested in combination with possibly related configuration options
- [ ] Written a unit test (especially base/) or added coverage to integration test
- [ ] Considered possible null pointers and out of bounds array indexing
- [ ] Changed no physics that affect existing maps
- [ ] Tested the change with [ASan+UBSan or valgrind's memcheck](https://github.com/ddnet/ddnet/#using-addresssanitizer--undefinedbehavioursanitizer-or-valgrinds-memcheck) (optional)
Co-authored-by: def <dennis@felsin9.de>
by requesting the best time again when it initially failed. This is
still not perfectly accurate since a player on another server can get a
better time, which will not get updated when the current server had no
database problems.
As reported by thekid36 on Discord:
> The best time shown on the scoreboard on the turkish server on a
> ddmax.Next map (mapname: 42) is 30min..while the best time should be 4
> min (it's correct on ger2 server)
So the way it works is that the best time is loaded from database when
loading map. Additionally it gets updated when a new finish is done. If
the initial load failed, but a finish with 30 min is done on the server,
we get this result
Reasoning this change is correct:
* `OldPos` is set to `m_Pos` in line 260
* `m_Pos` is not modified in between line 260 and 272 (only `m_Core.m_Pos` gets modified)
* Therefore line 269 `Dir = m_Pos - OldPos` is always `vec2(0.0, 0.0)`.
* And line 271 `Center = OldPos + Dir * 0.5 = OldPos`.
So we can pass `OldPos` to `FindEntities` in line 272. Using `OldPos` here instead of `m_Pos` makes it clear, that we use the position before the move, even though `m_Pos` also still holds the old value.
Store AFK state of players in `CPersistentClientData` and restore it when a client is connected.
In order for this to work, `m_LastPlaytime` must be adjusted as well to ensure that the AFK state is not reset again automatically by the `AfkTimer` function.
The AFK state is encapsulated using `IsAfk` and `GetAfk`.
Closes#1966.
5886: Send laser objects as DDNetLaser with type (fixes#5885) r=heinrich5991 a=fokkonaut
This pull request will make the server send the correct lasertype directly. The type determining based on EntitiyEx for that got removed on the clientside as it is not needed anymore when using DDNetLaser.
Also, I fixed the NetObject to accept -1 (no owner). That is important in order to be able to render the laser at full opacity for everyone.
This does not only make the color determining more consistent as before (compared to entities using EntitiyEx and shotgun/laser using DDNetLaser), but it does also make it entirely more mod-friendly. As an example in my mod I dont use EntitiyEx to save objects in the snapshot, as we still dont have an extended snapshot system, and like this we can still have colors without doubling the amount of objects.
Also, this will color the dragger beam aswell as the plasma bullets being shot by the freeze/unfreeze/explosive laser gun correctly.
This PR should get applied for the next minor update on client & server.
## Checklist
- [x] Tested the change ingame
- [ ] Provided screenshots if it is a visual change
- [ ] Tested in combination with possibly related configuration options
- [ ] Written a unit test (especially base/) or added coverage to integration test
- [ ] Considered possible null pointers and out of bounds array indexing
- [ ] Changed no physics that affect existing maps
- [ ] Tested the change with [ASan+UBSan or valgrind's memcheck](https://github.com/ddnet/ddnet/#using-addresssanitizer--undefinedbehavioursanitizer-or-valgrinds-memcheck) (optional)
Co-authored-by: fokkonaut <35420825+fokkonaut@users.noreply.github.com>
6171: Remove unused variable m_Force in CProjectile r=def- a=Zwelf
Simplifies the code a bit.
## Checklist
- [ ] Tested the change ingame
- [ ] Provided screenshots if it is a visual change
- [ ] Tested in combination with possibly related configuration options
- [ ] Written a unit test (especially base/) or added coverage to integration test
- [ ] Considered possible null pointers and out of bounds array indexing
- [ ] Changed no physics that affect existing maps
- [ ] Tested the change with [ASan+UBSan or valgrind's memcheck](https://github.com/ddnet/ddnet/#using-addresssanitizer--undefinedbehavioursanitizer-or-valgrinds-memcheck) (optional)
Co-authored-by: Zwelf <zwelf@strct.cc>
Follow-up to commit a4867d29c6
- `TILEFLAG_FLIP_HORIZONTAL` -> `TILEFLAG_XFLIP`
- `TILEFLAG_FLIP_VERTICAL` -> `TILEFLAG_YFLIP`
In the previous commit, I pretty much just switched `V` and `H` and
changed the naming a little more to break further uses.
The reason was that the two flags were called counter-intuitively.
Since then, I realized that the auto mapper syntax also already faced
this issue and is already using `XFLIP` and `YFLIP`.
For more consistency and to reduce the amount of names for these flips,
these flags should also be called like that.
It also turned out that more things are connected to `V` and `H`.
Those letters are shown in the `Info` mode in the editor, and are used
extensively by the automapper community.
Switching to `X` and `Y` allows keeping backwards compatibility while
introducing more intuitive names.
Calculate `Pos` in `OnEntity` based on `x` and `y` instead of passing `Pos` and calculating `x` and `y` from that.
This removes duplicate code and makes it easier to understand.
When restarting a round (i.e. with the `restart` command, with the `sv_warmup` option, and after a round ends) some entities where permanently destroyed and others were kept around.
This is changed so all entities are destroyed and then recreated, so rounds can be properly restarted.
Closes#6128.
Using more than 64 spawn points of the same type causes out-of-bounds accesses, as the number of spawn points is not checked before adding a spawn point and the existing check that limits the number of spawn points after adding one contains an off-by-one error.
For neutral and red spawn points this caused the last spawn point to be added for the following team instead. For blue spawn points this caused a server crash.
This is fixed by allowing an arbitrary number of spawn points of all types, by using an `std::vector` instead of an array.
- `TILEFLAG_VFLIP` -> `TILEFLAG_FLIP_HORIZONTAL`
- `TILEFLAG_HFLIP` -> `TILEFLAG_FLIP_VERTICAL`
According to the native editor, the "Tiled" editor and image search, a
horizontal flip should be associated with switching left and right, modifying
the x coordinate.
I did not just switch the letters `H` and `V` to create compiler errors
where the original constants are used.
Whenever I was working with tileflags, the naming caused me to have no
idea what I was doing. I mostly had to resort to opening the resulting
map in the editor to see what the code does. This change aims to make
the naming intuitive and also consistent with the map editor.
6035: Fix various issues reported by cppcheck static analyser r=def- a=Robyt3
After generating `compile_commands.json` with cmake, I ran [cppcheck](https://cppcheck.sourceforge.io/) like this:
```
cppcheck --project=compile_commands.json -DWIN64 --suppressions-list=cppcheck.supp --enable=all 2>cppcheck.log
```
With these suppressions in `cppcheck.supp`:
```
cstyleCast
useStlAlgorithm
unusedFunction
variableScope
noExplicitConstructor
useInitializationList
noConstructor
uninitMemberVar
uninitMemberVarPrivate
uninitDerivedMemberVar
uninitStructMember
uninitvar
shadowFunction
memleakOnRealloc
internalAstError
virtualCallInConstructor
unknownMacro
noOperatorEq
noCopyConstructor
```
Many of these occur too often or are false positives.
Here is a list of all remaining non-suppressed issues reported by cppcheck: [cppcheck.log](https://github.com/ddnet/ddnet/files/9997663/cppcheck.log)
And here is a list of all remaining issues including the suppressed ones: [cppcheck_all.log](https://github.com/ddnet/ddnet/files/9997662/cppcheck_all.log)
I couldn't get cppcheck's command line argument to ignore the external folders to work correctly, so I manually removed those entries from the files.
## Checklist
- [ ] Tested the change ingame
- [ ] Provided screenshots if it is a visual change
- [ ] Tested in combination with possibly related configuration options
- [ ] Written a unit test (especially base/) or added coverage to integration test
- [ ] Considered possible null pointers and out of bounds array indexing
- [ ] Changed no physics that affect existing maps
- [ ] Tested the change with [ASan+UBSan or valgrind's memcheck](https://github.com/ddnet/ddnet/#using-addresssanitizer--undefinedbehavioursanitizer-or-valgrinds-memcheck) (optional)
Co-authored-by: Robert Müller <robytemueller@gmail.com>
6071: Add logs for moderators (fixes#5433) r=def- a=Vy0x2
<!-- What is the motivation for the changes of this pull request? -->
issue #5433
Moderators can access the last x minutes of the chat activity.
Every entry beside server messages will show the player name, player ip and client who wrote the message / who disconnected so moderators can get the players ip after something happened in case he left already.
The current implementation has a 4 minute time slot, messages older than 4 minutes are not shown.
To limit the memory usage its limited atm to 256 log-entries. In case of more messages than 256 in 4 minutes (unlikely), the oldest messages are overwritten.
I keep this as a draft for a while, because its my first pr and I am sure there is some improvement i did not see (or to improve the wording)
<!-- Note that builds and other checks will be run for your change. Don't feel intimidated by failures in some of the checks. If you can't resolve them yourself, experienced devs can also resolve them before merging your pull request. -->
## Checklist
- [x] Tested the change ingame
- [ ] Provided screenshots if it is a visual change
- [ ] Tested in combination with possibly related configuration options
- [ ] Written a unit test (especially base/) or added coverage to integration test
- [x] Considered possible null pointers and out of bounds array indexing
- [x] Changed no physics that affect existing maps
- [ ] Tested the change with [ASan+UBSan or valgrind's memcheck](https://github.com/ddnet/ddnet/#using-addresssanitizer--undefinedbehavioursanitizer-or-valgrinds-memcheck) (optional)
6077: Add "Tools > Remove unused envelopes" to editor r=def- a=Robyt3
Add a new menu "Tools" next to the "File" menu, with a button to "Remove unused envelopes".
Clicking the button opens a confirmation popup to confirm the operation.
![editor-tools-menu](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/23437060/205157109-62d53601-502a-4401-8c6f-f06c7e57e174.png)
Closes#2576.
## Checklist
- [X] Tested the change ingame
- [X] Provided screenshots if it is a visual change
- [ ] Tested in combination with possibly related configuration options
- [ ] Written a unit test (especially base/) or added coverage to integration test
- [ ] Considered possible null pointers and out of bounds array indexing
- [ ] Changed no physics that affect existing maps
- [ ] Tested the change with [ASan+UBSan or valgrind's memcheck](https://github.com/ddnet/ddnet/#using-addresssanitizer--undefinedbehavioursanitizer-or-valgrinds-memcheck) (optional)
6085: Fix cmake args in workspace r=def- a=Jupeyy
current is completely wrong, since it overwrites the cmake internal settings. and e.g. prevent `-g`
Now it should in worst case only overwrite custom settings by the user. but dunno how often u actually do that anyway inside a IDE
but if someone knows better I'm glad to hear it
## Checklist
- [ ] Tested the change ingame
- [ ] Provided screenshots if it is a visual change
- [ ] Tested in combination with possibly related configuration options
- [ ] Written a unit test (especially base/) or added coverage to integration test
- [ ] Considered possible null pointers and out of bounds array indexing
- [ ] Changed no physics that affect existing maps
- [ ] Tested the change with [ASan+UBSan or valgrind's memcheck](https://github.com/ddnet/ddnet/#using-addresssanitizer--undefinedbehavioursanitizer-or-valgrinds-memcheck) (optional)
6088: Pr fix uninit r=def- a=Jupeyy
<!-- What is the motivation for the changes of this pull request? -->
<!-- Note that builds and other checks will be run for your change. Don't feel intimidated by failures in some of the checks. If you can't resolve them yourself, experienced devs can also resolve them before merging your pull request. -->
## Checklist
- [ ] Tested the change ingame
- [ ] Provided screenshots if it is a visual change
- [ ] Tested in combination with possibly related configuration options
- [ ] Written a unit test (especially base/) or added coverage to integration test
- [ ] Considered possible null pointers and out of bounds array indexing
- [ ] Changed no physics that affect existing maps
- [ ] Tested the change with [ASan+UBSan or valgrind's memcheck](https://github.com/ddnet/ddnet/#using-addresssanitizer--undefinedbehavioursanitizer-or-valgrinds-memcheck) (optional)
6090: FIX: parse & colorify gametype Gores correctly r=heinrich5991 a=Avolicious
`@def-` The correct PR now :) Correct coloring the gamemode "Gores"
![193410660-5e757fd4-449f-4d0a-a719-4a0cc1e5a01e](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/105295486/205684472-36cc6daa-bda4-4af1-a838-b7fe25a55dec.png)
## Checklist
- [x] Tested the change ingame
- [x] Provided screenshots if it is a visual change
- [ ] Tested in combination with possibly related configuration options
- [ ] Written a unit test (especially base/) or added coverage to integration test
- [ ] Considered possible null pointers and out of bounds array indexing
- [x] Changed no physics that affect existing maps
- [ ] Tested the change with [ASan+UBSan or valgrind's memcheck](https://github.com/ddnet/ddnet/#using-addresssanitizer--undefinedbehavioursanitizer-or-valgrinds-memcheck) (optional)
Co-authored-by: Vy0x2 <denispaul43@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Robert Müller <robytemueller@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Jupeyy <jupjopjap@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Avolicious <avolicious@kog.tw>
According to cppchecker's `constParameter` error:
```
src\engine\gfx\image_manipulation.cpp:7:58: style: Parameter 'pSrc' can be declared as pointer to const [constParameter]
static void Dilate(int w, int h, int BPP, unsigned char *pSrc, unsigned char *pDest, unsigned char AlphaThreshold = TW_DILATE_ALPHA_THRESHOLD)
^
src\engine\gfx\image_manipulation.cpp:58:67: style: Parameter 'pSrc' can be declared as pointer to const [constParameter]
static void CopyColorValues(int w, int h, int BPP, unsigned char *pSrc, unsigned char *pDest)
^
src\engine\shared\network_conn.cpp:241:42: style: Parameter 'Addr' can be declared as reference to const [constParameter]
void CNetConnection::DirectInit(NETADDR &Addr, SECURITY_TOKEN SecurityToken, SECURITY_TOKEN Token, bool Sixup)
^
src\base\system.cpp:4060:71: style: Parameter 'random' can be declared as pointer to const [constParameter]
void generate_password(char *buffer, unsigned length, unsigned short *random, unsigned random_length)
^
src\engine\client\backend\vulkan\backend_vulkan.cpp:263:38: style: Parameter 'AllocatedMemory' can be declared as reference to const [constParameter]
void Free(SMemoryHeapQueueElement &AllocatedMemory)
^
src\engine\client\backend\vulkan\backend_vulkan.cpp:1708:47: style: Parameter 'ImgExtent' can be declared as reference to const [constParameter]
static size_t ImageMipLevelCount(VkExtent3D &ImgExtent)
^
src\engine\client\backend\vulkan\backend_vulkan.cpp:2801:29: style: Parameter 'Image' can be declared as reference to const [constParameter]
void ImageBarrier(VkImage &Image, size_t MipMapBase, size_t MipMapCount, size_t LayerBase, size_t LayerCount, VkFormat Format, VkImageLayout OldLayout, VkImageLayout NewLayout)
^
src\engine\client\backend\vulkan\backend_vulkan.cpp:6495:46: style: Parameter 'ExecBuffer' can be declared as reference to const [constParameter]
void Cmd_Clear(SRenderCommandExecuteBuffer &ExecBuffer, const CCommandBuffer::SCommand_Clear *pCommand)
^
src\game\client\components\skins.cpp:83:72: style: Parameter 'pImg' can be declared as pointer to const [constParameter]
static void CheckMetrics(CSkin::SSkinMetricVariable &Metrics, uint8_t *pImg, int ImgWidth, int ImgX, int ImgY, int CheckWidth, int CheckHeight)
^
src\game\client\prediction\entities\character.h:106:37: style: Parameter 'pNewInput' can be declared as pointer to const [constParameter]
void SetInput(CNetObj_PlayerInput *pNewInput)
^
src\game\client\prediction\gameworld.cpp:245:106: style: Parameter 'pNotThis' can be declared as pointer to const [constParameter]
CCharacter *CGameWorld::IntersectCharacter(vec2 Pos0, vec2 Pos1, float Radius, vec2 &NewPos, CCharacter *pNotThis, int CollideWith, class CCharacter *pThisOnly)
^
src\game\client\prediction\gameworld.cpp:245:151: style: Parameter 'pThisOnly' can be declared as pointer to const [constParameter]
CCharacter *CGameWorld::IntersectCharacter(vec2 Pos0, vec2 Pos1, float Radius, vec2 &NewPos, CCharacter *pNotThis, int CollideWith, class CCharacter *pThisOnly)
^
src\game\client\prediction\gameworld.cpp:283:116: style: Parameter 'pNotThis' can be declared as pointer to const [constParameter]
std::list<class CCharacter *> CGameWorld::IntersectedCharacters(vec2 Pos0, vec2 Pos1, float Radius, class CEntity *pNotThis)
^
src\game\client\ui.cpp:522:180: style: Parameter 'pReadCursor' can be declared as pointer to const [constParameter]
void CUI::DoLabel(CUIElement::SUIElementRect &RectEl, const CUIRect *pRect, const char *pText, float Size, int Align, const SLabelProperties &LabelProps, int StrLen, CTextCursor *pReadCursor)
^
src\game\client\ui_scrollregion.cpp:23:86: style: Parameter 'pParams' can be declared as pointer to const [constParameter]
void CScrollRegion::Begin(CUIRect *pClipRect, vec2 *pOutOffset, CScrollRegionParams *pParams)
^
src\game\server\scoreworker.h:239:29: style: Parameter 'aTimeCp' can be declared as const array [constParameter]
void Set(float Time, float aTimeCp[NUM_CHECKPOINTS])
^
src\game\server\score.cpp:135:80: style: Parameter 'aTimeCp' can be declared as const array [constParameter]
void CScore::SaveScore(int ClientID, float Time, const char *pTimestamp, float aTimeCp[NUM_CHECKPOINTS], bool NotEligible)
^
src\game\server\teeinfo.cpp:40:57: style: Parameter 'pUseCustomColors' can be declared as pointer to const [constParameter]
CTeeInfo::CTeeInfo(const char *apSkinPartNames[6], int *pUseCustomColors, int *pSkinPartColors)
^
src\game\server\teeinfo.cpp:40:80: style: Parameter 'pSkinPartColors' can be declared as pointer to const [constParameter]
CTeeInfo::CTeeInfo(const char *apSkinPartNames[6], int *pUseCustomColors, int *pSkinPartColors)
^
```
The state of teams was not reset when restarting a round with `restart`, which led to various issues (#5144):
- Switchers kept their previous state instead of being reset to the initial state after restarting.
- Teams that started racing sometimes could not be joined after restarting.
- Sometimes teams cannot finish a race after restarting. I cannot reproduce this issue, so I don't know if it's fixed by these changes.
5917: report extra player info to master http r=def- a=edg-l
couldn't test yet
this doesnt show extra info on the client server list yet, just makes the server report it
<!-- What is the motivation for the changes of this pull request? -->
<!-- Note that builds and other checks will be run for your change. Don't feel intimidated by failures in some of the checks. If you can't resolve them yourself, experienced devs can also resolve them before merging your pull request. -->
## Checklist
- [ ] Tested the change ingame
- [ ] Provided screenshots if it is a visual change
- [ ] Tested in combination with possibly related configuration options
- [ ] Written a unit test (especially base/) or added coverage to integration test
- [ ] Considered possible null pointers and out of bounds array indexing
- [ ] Changed no physics that affect existing maps
- [ ] Tested the change with [ASan+UBSan or valgrind's memcheck](https://github.com/ddnet/ddnet/#using-addresssanitizer--undefinedbehavioursanitizer-or-valgrinds-memcheck) (optional)
Co-authored-by: Edgar Luque <git@edgarluque.com>
Fix warnings with `-fstrict-aliasing` and `-Wstrict-aliasing=2` by not casting the map reader data to `int *`:
```
src/game/server/gamecontext.cpp: In member function 'virtual void CGameContext::OnMapChange(char*, int)':
src/game/server/gamecontext.cpp:3623:56: warning: dereferencing type-punned pointer might break strict-aliasing rules [-Wstrict-aliasing]
3623 | pData = (int *)&MapInfo;
| ^~~~~~~~
src/game/server/gamecontext.cpp:3631:48: warning: dereferencing type-punned pointer might break strict-aliasing rules [-Wstrict-aliasing]
3631 | pData = (int *)&MapInfo;
| ^~~~~~~~
```
As the map reader data is return as `void *` and never used as `int *`, the redundant cast is removed to fix the warnings.
Also improve readability by moving `pInfo` variable declaration.
I think at the point where you use (CEntity **) apPlayersInRange the
compiler says this is a totally different value than apPlayersInRange
since they have a different type. And then it reorders the inlined
FindEntities code to be run afterwards, thus leading to undefined
behavior and crashes.
5770: Fix physics change by weak hook fix (fixes#5769) r=def- a=fokkonaut
<!-- What is the motivation for the changes of this pull request -->
fixes#5769
## Checklist
- [x] Tested the change ingame
- [ ] Provided screenshots if it is a visual change
- [ ] Tested in combination with possibly related configuration options
- [ ] Written a unit test (especially base/) or added coverage to integration test
- [ ] Considered possible null pointers and out of bounds array indexing
- [ ] Changed no physics that affect existing maps
- [ ] Tested the change with [ASan+UBSan or valgrind's memcheck](https://github.com/ddnet/ddnet/#using-addresssanitizer--undefinedbehavioursanitizer-or-valgrinds-memcheck) (optional)
Co-authored-by: fokkonaut <35420825+fokkonaut@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Jupeyy <jupjopjap@gmail.com>
Using `str_format(aBuf, sizeof(aBuf), "%s", pStr)` is equivalent to `str_copy(aBuf, pStr, sizeof(aBuf))`. Using `str_copy` is more readable and also more efficient as there is no overhead from parsing the format string and from passing varargs.